Detecting blood leakage during dialysis therapy

This paper described the design and operational framework of a clinically deployable low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation system, the BrainSonix BX Pulsar 1002. The system was engineered explicitly for human neuromodulation, with an emphasis on calibration accuracy, reproducibility, and built-in safety controls rather than maximal acoustic output. At a time when many ultrasound systems were bespoke laboratory tools, this work articulated what was required for clinical-grade deployment. Key contributions included a single-element transducer architecture with well-characterized focal properties, defined operating envelopes, and real-time monitoring to ensure consistent delivery across sessions and operators. These design principles enabled the transition of focused ultrasound neuromodulation from experimental feasibility to scalable, multi-site clinical research. The BX Pulsar 1002 operationalized these concepts into a turnkey system, supporting standardized protocols and broader adoption across clinical and research settings.